polishing and presenting

After following the steps above, the following is to polish the details that are missing from the text and present it to an audience.

Image from: https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Writing-process-dotty-border-poster-2643564

Editing

considering ideas and organization. 

PROOFREADING 

- Correcting errors including sentence structure, usage, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.

- Proofreading involves reading for conventions rather than content. 

- Proofreading is the process of checking a draft to make sure that the following conventions are correct and appropriate:

 Paragraph structure. 

 Sentence structure (syntax). 

 Word choice.   

 Usage. 

 Spelling. 

 Capitalization. 

 Punctuation. 

 Appearance (e.g., spacing, indentation, numbers).

Image from: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-purpose-of-proofreading

Revising

- Revising brings a work to completion. 

- It is a complex process of deciding what should be changed, deleted, added, or retained. 

- Peer correction can take numerous forms and the teacher does not always need to be directly involved. 

 The image (from http://shenanigansinsecond.blogspot.ca/2011/09/short-and-sweet-writing-process-posters.html) 

Drafting

- Putting ideas down on paper. 

- Exploring new ideas during writing. 

- Writers produce a first draft. 

- This is an important issue as students focus their attention on the development of meaning and the flow of thought in their writing. 

- Drafting is rarely completed in one sitting. 

- Additional drafts can be written that further shape, organize, and clarify the work. 

Prewriting

- Using pre-writing techniques to gather ideas. 

- Choosing a purpose and an audience. 

- Ordering ideas. 

- Inexperienced writers need motivation to write and assistance in uncovering concepts, experiences, and ideas about which to write.

- During the pre-writing phase, students need direction —a topic or something to discuss in writing. Topics can come from teachers but students also need to develop the skill of using their own insights and experiences. 

- Most often, the potential of possible topics is revealed through pre-drafting experiences such as the following: 

• Talking with and interviewing
• Brainstorming. 
• Free writing 
• Mapping 
• Listing. 
• Using reporters’ questions 
• Listing. 
• Using reporters’ questions 
• Finding similarities and differences 
• Reading and examining written models 
• Viewing pictures 
• Using visualization 
• Listening
• Debating 

Writers must not only think about what they are going to say, but also about how they are going to say it. 

- During the pre-drafting stage students need to establish: 

                                The purpose       Audiences      Writing Form 


- As teachers plan their writing assignments, they should identify and define the appropriate learning objectives, address the elements of effective communication (subject, purpose, audience, and form), and establish guidelines or criteria to evaluate the outcome of the students’ work. 

- Students need to organize their ideas in logical sequences. Some of them are: chronological order, spatial order, and common logic. Students could consider constructing a map, a chart, an outline, a visual organizer, or a ladder diagram to organize their main ideas and supporting details.

Developing Writing Skills

In order to become empowered in writing, students need concentration, instruction, practice, and patience. 

Writing as Process: writing is a messy process.

Here I present to you the steps to follow to create a good writing.